Review of Educating Rita essays

Review of Educating Rita essays Review of Educating Rita by Willy Russel and its themes With tonight's movie, "Educating Rita", I'd kind of like to make a case for a strong sub-genre within the major film genres, and that's the school genre. I think we've got so many movies about school simply because we all have such strong memories and feelings about that time in our lives. Now, the sub-genre consists of a lot of little conventions. For example, it seems like English and Math are the subjects that most appear in this sub-genre. It seems to be the kind of subjects that students continue to be the most afraid of. We've also got the inspiring teacher convention, with movies like "Goodbye Mr. Chips" and "To Sir With Love", things like that. And we've got the unruly students. Essentially, the diamonds in the rough. They've got great potential, but they have to be moulded or shaped somehow. And we get a very large range in this sub-genre. We have light comedies like "Summer School" and serious movies like "Lean on Me". What it's all about though, is socialization and accom modation. How do these students learn to get along in the real world? In a lot of ways that's what movies are essentially about. Trying to teach us how to accommodate or socialize ourselves into the larger structures we exist in. This movie is about how the class struggle comes to the classroom. You'd think that England would be an ideal place to talk about class struggle in the school system. But, when you look at other movies in this teacher sub-genre, we see that there are ghettos in the U.S. where this class system is still in place, as much as Americans, and Canadians for that fact, might not want to admit it. What we've got is a bit of a retelling of the story of "Pygmalion", you know, "My Fair Lady", all that sort of thing. Where we have an educated man who tries to teach an uneducated woman about the finer things in life, except that in this case, we've got a very reluctant teacher in Frank ...

Black Surname Meaning and Origin

Black Surname Meaning and Origin As you might expect, the Black surname generally relates to the color black: Black is most commonly a descriptive surname meaning one who was black haired or dark complexioned.Black can also be an occupational surname given to or adopted by a cloth dyer who specialized in black dyes. The surnames SCHWARTZ, SCHWARZ and other variants are the German equivalents of the Black surname. BLACK is the 149th most popular surname in the United States. Surname Origin: English Alternate Surname Spellings: BLACKE, BLAKE, BLAKEY, BLAKELEY, BLACKETT, BLACKHAM, BLACKIE, BLACKLOCK, BLACKMAN, BLACKMON, BLACKMORE, BLACKSHAW,BLACKWOOD, BLAKEMAN Famous People with the Surname Black Joachim Krà ³l - German actorJohn Joseph Krol - Roman Catholic Cardinal Genealogy Resources for the Surname Black The BLACK Surname DNA Project: Connect with others using DNA to help trace the origins of their BLACK family, including variants such as Blacke, Blackett, Blackham, Blackie, Blacklock, Blackman, Blackmon, Blackmore, Blackshaw, Blackwell, Blackwood, Blagg, Blake, Blakeley, Blakeman, Blakiston, Blanc, Bleach, Bluck, Duff, Schwartz, Swartz and Swarz.Black Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Black surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Black surname query.FamilySearch - BLACK Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Black surname and its variations.BLACK Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Black surname.Cousin Connect - BLACK Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Black, and sign up for free notification when new Black queries are added.DistantCousin.com - BLACK Genealogy Family History: F ree databases and genealogy links for the last name Black. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Short essay question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short question - Essay Example The underworld is believed to be the dwelling place of the earth-goddess. It is this earthly goddess that will add feministic principles and instincts to this masculine ego of the mythical hero. The hero is equally portrayed has having redemptive powers. These are the powers that he or she receives from the gods. The hero has the power to uplift the entire human race from the dismal conditions that it lives in. this is clearly a potential that can only be performed by the gods. Mortal women equally play a role in the hero myths. The heroes are often considered to be an isolated case due to their uniqueness. This isolation makes the hero to develop a close relationship with mortal women. The purpose of this relationship is to offer the hero support in domestic contentment. The myths argue that if the hero were to undertake domestic contentment, then he would be greatly swayed from his purposeful tasks. The civilization of the ancient Greek has been considered as the most brilliant in the history of the world. Most of the credit has been given to the Greece mythical heroes. The heroes often travelled afar and set up cities in the places that they went to. It is for example indicated that the western civilization was as a result of the spread of the Greek culture by the heroes. It is the divine power that the Greek heroes had that made them to easily spread the Greek culture as well as be a caviling force without resistance from people. Adrienne Mayor states that stories about the bones of the heroes were often told in many ancient cultures like China, Greece and India. He underscores that these stories were often said so as to accounts for animal fossils that the people had never seen while in their life state (Mayor, 2004). He equally indicates that the ancient Greeks believed that the bones of the heroes are the remains of giants and monsters that had been destroyed by the gods and buried deeply in the ground. The bones of the heroes had a lot of

Did Robert E. Lee make the correct decisions at Gettysburg or could he Essay

Did Robert E. Lee make the correct decisions at Gettysburg or could he have employed a different strategy - Essay Example The war involved about 170,000 men. Upon losing the battle, the General led the remaining group back to Virginia, in the process bringing the war to a halt and concluded by sealing the Union victory. Despite the defeat, Lee’s still believes they would have won the battle if only they were united. He makes this clear through his letter to the President of the Confederate States, â€Å"†¦.we must expect reverses, even defeats. They are send to teach us wisdom and prudence, to call forth greater energies and to prevent falling into greater disasters. Our people only have to be true and united, to bear manfully the misfortune incident to war, and all will come right in the end.† (General Robert, 8th August, 1863). The losing of the battle at Gettysburg had nothing concerning the decisions he made but instead, it was enabled by the failure of the subordinates not only failing to follow his directives but also acting contrary to them. This is seen when the Cavalry, Generals Ewell and Longstreet end up failing General Lee by failing to act in unison with him. Much about these is as discussed in the successive paragraphs. For a number of weeks, General Lee had not received any feedback from his cavalry. This posed a challenge since the General went ahead to make decisions without having much knowledge on the magnitude and strength of the enemy. This, in other words, shows how the subordinates (Cavalry) contributed in the defeat of General Lee’s Army. General Lee knew the importance a good standing ground as far the winning of any battle is concerned. He figured out a large hill which was referred to as Little Round Top. He ordered one of General Ewell, who he trusted as a Division Commander to go take the hill but instead, the commander let him down. The hill was only having about 1,000 Union soldiers (James, 36), a far much smaller number as compared to the group that was under Ewell (over 20,000 men). This depicts how easy it would have been

Race Determining Music Preference Essay Example for Free

Race Determining Music Preference Essay Music in the United States is a reflection of the nation’s multi-ethnic population with regard to its diverse array of styles. The most famous of these genres include; rock n roll, country, rhythm blues, jazz, hip-hop. The developments of most of the genres of music began during the civil war period. During this time the roots of such popular forms like blues, gospel, jazz, as well as country took shape. In the early 20th century there forms of music emerged as the core of American popular music and later underwent evolution to such styles as rhythm and blues, rock and roll and hip-hop (Daniel Gilbert Perret, (2005). Music integrates South American social and cultural identity, entailing social class, race and ethnicity among many others. The link and co relationship between is perhaps the to potent of all the factors within the United States than any other. Race seems to the most potent determiner of musical mean within America. The evolution of the Afro American musical identity as a result of disparate sources form Africa as well as Europe has consistently been the main theme within the music domain and history in the United States. During the mid 1800s, the Afro American had developed a district folk tradition that was well-recognized and very wide spread. African American techniques, their instrumentation as well as images were integrated and became part of what was then known mainstream music. Via spirituals, slave songs as well as minstrel shows. Through jazz, rhythm and blues, and blues and later on through rock n roll, soul a swell as hip-hop. Even through all these genres were accepted and adapted by all races within the United States they were developed from an afro American styles as well as idioms before eventually setting to become very common in consumption as well as performance that had no racial boundary. Differently, country music was driven from the European and an African context as well as Hawaiian and Native American. The untied states due to her diverse culture and her propensity to taking in influences form across the globe and building characteristically new methods through which artists can culturally express themselves. Even though many aspects of the American aspects of the American music is traceable back to certain specific origins it is usually inherently difficult to put claim on any respective original culture as the source of any musical element, because of the even evolving American music through transplanting as well as techniques of hybridizations, instruments and genres (Blush, Steven (2001). Very distinctly American music stems form the cross-cultural hybridization through a very close interaction. For instance, during slavery mixed persons form various tribes in very closely enclosed living quarter resulted in a shared musical tradition that was done through an extended hybridization. The process which music was being transplanted between various cultures within the United States brought with it various implications. For example, the revival of folk during the mid 1900s appropriated the music of different village person, partially to enhance particular political causes. The use of Afro American techniques as well as images, instruments during performances by white Americans have been on the rise since the mid 1800s. The music industry in the United States has been very active with her attempts to make popular white performers of African American music due to their palatability to mainstream as well as middle class American. From this process such many stars like Benny Goodman, Eminem as well as Elvis Presley have emerged in various genres of music. The nature of folk music within the united is as varied as the nature of her multi-ethical culture. Generally, the Native Americans have each played their variety of folk music, which has basically been spiritual. In its development stage spirituals was basically expressions of religious faith, and was a common song by slaves on southern plantations. It however, spread out of the south in the late 1800s. Its diversification increased with emergence of fekleg in the early 1900s as well as the rise of the singing preachers from which the gospel type of music originated (Chase, Gilbert (2000). Blues on the other hand is conglomeration of African folk songs, shouts as well as field hollers. It emerged form the rural south during 1900-1910. It was characterized in its use of the blue scale with a flatted/in determinate third. The various ethnic communities that have migrated to the untied have managed to keep alive the folk traditions of the culture and usually providing a characteristically American styles with foreign flair. The European musical tradition was imported to the United States with the advent of the first colonialists. This classical traditional music is deeply rooted within the traditions of the European art, as well as concern music. Majorly of American tried to work entirely with their music centered on the European models until the 1800s. By early 1900s, many American composers started incorporating such disparate elements into their musical art, from the jazz and blues to the Native American music. Big corporations that produce in both small and large scale largely dominate the music industry in the untied states. Often, these companies do not appeal to large audiences, as such small companies have sprung up to fill the void left. They produce in various styles with ranging variety that appeal to very large audiences. These small firms are normally built on the foundation of a core fun base that may happen to be strategically located in one region. The largest make music industry is that centered on Latin music. This kind of music has greatly impacted on the popular American music and was a very essential component in the development of jazz music. In view of this it is sufficient to conclude that to a greater extent race has a bearing on the preference of the type of music one performs or listens to this is born out of the fact that part of a child’s development stage, the cognitive part begins to encode the mothers language from the womb until he or she reaches the external environment (Daniel G. 2005). Thus, even if there are many Americans who have crossed the racial lines as has music still the culture is a determinant the choice of music.

The Physics Of Scuba Diving Essay -- Scuba Diving Descriptive Process

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to swim with the fish and explore the underwater jungle that covers two-thirds of the earth's surface? I have always been interested in water activities; swimming, diving and skiing, and I felt that scuba was for me. My first dive took place while on a family vacation. I came across a dive shop offering introductory dives, which immediately caught my interest. After much convincing (my parents), with my solemn assurance that I would be careful, I was allowed to participate in a dive. I was ready, or so I thought. The slim basics such as breathing were explained and I was literally tossed in. Sounds easy enough, right!, well WRONG!!. From the moment I hit the water, my experience was much less than fun. I quickly sank to the bottom into a new world, with unfamiliar dangers. I really wasn't ready for this experience. I was disorientated, causing me to panic, which shortened the length of my dive, not to mention my air supply. Let's just say I would not do that again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start exploring the underwater world, one must first master a few skills. Certification is the first step of learning to dive. From qualified professionals one must learn how to use the equipment, safety precautions, and the best places to dive. This paper is designed to help give a general understanding of the sport and the importance that physics plays in it. Self- contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, or SCUBA for short, is a hell of a lot of fun. However, there is considerably more to Diving than just putting on a wetsuit and strapping some compressed air onto ones back. As I quickly learned, diving safely requires quite a bit more in terms of time, effort, and preparation. When one goes underwater, a diver is introduced to a new and unfamiliar world, where many dangers exist, but can be avoided with proper lessons and understanding. With this knowledge the water is ours to discover. The Evolution of Scuba Diving Divers have penetrated the oceans through the centuries for the purpose of acquiring food, searching for treasure, carrying out military operations, performing scientific research and exploration, and enjoying the aquatic environment. Bachrach (1982) identified the following five principal periods in the history of diving which are currently in use. Free (or breath-hold) diving, bell diving,... ...tary, research, business, or recreation, hundreds of thousands of people are heading for the depths, to experience the unknown. My advice for a new diver is to do it right. Get the proper certification and make each dive a safe one. When a diver is fully trained, and in good mental and physical condition, safe diving can be one of the most enjoyable of experiences. The true beauty of the underwater world, coupled with the marvelous almost-weightlessness of floating with neutral buoyancy is an indescribable experience. Bibliography: Ascher, Scott M. Scuba Handbook for Humans. Iowa : Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 1975. Cramer, John L. Ph.D. Skin and Scuba Diving: Scientific Principles and Techniques. N.Y.: Bergwall Productions, Inc. 1975. Ketels, Henry & McDowell, Jack. Safe Skin and Scuba Diving, adventure in the underwater world. Canada : Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Ltd. 1975. Koelzer, William. Scuba Diving, How to get started. Pennsylvania :Chilton Book Company. 1976. Resneck, John Jr. Scuba, Safe and Simple. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1975. Tillman, Albert A. Skin and Scuba Diving. Iowa : Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 1966.

Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

You make decision everyday; whether it is choosing what you make for breakfast or choosing what you want to be when you grow up. It is natural in humans to make decisions and act on what they believe is to be true. This not only applies to humans, but authors use them in their books or plays to create different types of characters. In one of the greatest works by William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, there are characters that make many different kinds of decisions that determine their role in the book. In the play, the protagonist Hamlet, after his father’s death, is angry about his mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius. He sees a ghost of his father one night and tells him that Claudius had murdered him. Hamlet plans to kill Claudius but he has trouble making decisions and throughout the play, his poor decision making skills bring downfall to himself and many others. Every tragic hero has a tragic flaw and Hamlet’s tragic flaw is his inability to make decisions. Hamlet’s inability to kill Claudius after hearing from the ghost, that he had killed Hamlet Senior, contributes to his stubborn indecisiveness, which brings about his own downfall. His indecisiveness leads to many character’s deaths; such as Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Laertes, Polonius and his own mother. He had many chances of killing Claudius but he constantly over thinks the situation thus delaying his major task of killing Claudius: To take him in the purging of his soul When he is fit and seasoned for his passage? No. Up, sword, and know thou a more horrid hent. When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, Or in th’ incestuous pleasure of his bed, At game a-swearing, or about some act That has no relish of salvation in ’t—. Then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven (III. III. 85) This is an example of Hamlet being indecisive on whether or not to kill Claudius in the Church after the Mouse Trap play. He decides not to kill him there because he is praying and therefore will be forgiven for his sin. This results in delaying of his main task and also made more room for error; such as killing Polonius and also getting sent to England, which leads to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s deaths. If Hamlet would have decided to kill him then, he would not have created the mess he ends up making at the end. Hamlet’s inability to talk and discuss to Ophelia about what is happening, after she starts rejecting his messages, leads to losing his love and ultimately ends up to her demise. Even though they were in love, when Ophelia begins rejecting Hamlet’s messages because Polonius told her to, Hamlet tells Ophelia that she was not worth anything to him. This leads her to believing that Hamlet does not love her anymore. As a conclusion, she goes crazy and out of control; for example: By Gis and by Saint Charity,  Alack, and fie, for shame! Young men will do ’t, if they come to ’t. By Cock, they are to blame. Quoth she, â€Å"Before you tumbled me, You promised me to wed. So would I ha’ done, by yonder sun, An thou hadst not come to my bed. (IV. V. 40) This is the scene where she has become insane. She sings about how a man promised her to marry her before they went into bed together but he left her. On top of Hamlet’s rejection, Hamlet has killed her father, Polonius, so she has completely lost control of herself. She sings a very sorrow song in front of many people and also gives out fake flowers to people. After this scene, she ends up committing suicide at the lake. If Hamlet had talked with Ophelia about what was going on and why she was ignoring her messages, she would have not become insane and Hamlet and Ophelia would still be in love. Hamlet’s final flaw is his inability to decide whether life is worth living or not, which contributes to his stubborn indecisiveness, which ultimately leads to his own downfall. Hamlet is very confused about his own life and is out of his mind. He is very depressed from his father’s death and the feeling of betrayal he has from Gertrude, his mother, who remarried right after his father’s death. He does not know if life is worth living or not and this is obvious when he says: To be, or not to be–that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep– No more–and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. ‘Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep– To sleep–perchance to dream: ay, there’s the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. (III. I. 56) This is his famous soliloquy on the topic of life. He compares life and death and he cannot decide whether or not to stay alive or to be dead. He believes that death is the way to escape all his troubles and his depression but then on the other side, he knows he needs to complete the task of killing Claudius. His indecisiveness about his own life delays his action from doing what he really wants to accomplish. Even though Hamlet kills Claudius at the very end, as a result of his indecisive behavior, he has taken way too much time to accomplish one single task. Also, it killed many innocent people he could have prevented from killing them. If Hamlet would have not been so depressed and actually decide whether or not he should stay alive or die, he might have had a better chance accomplishing his tasks much faster and efficient. Clearly, Hamlet is very indecisive all over and his indecisiveness brought about his own downfall. His mother’s death, his love’s death and his friend’s deaths are all caused by Hamlet. If he were to be decisive and straightforward, he could have killed Claudius much faster and he also could have prevented all of the deaths that happened. Many theories attempt to explain why Hamlet takes so long to kill Claudius but out of many theories, Hamlet’s indecisiveness is the only one with full satisfactory answers. Every book or play has a tragic hero and every tragic hero has a tragic flaw and in the play Hamlet, there is no exception. These themes present in many of William Shakespeare’s plays are relevant even today. There are times when we are indecisive when it comes to difficult situations. To be able to decide and to act on what you decided to do is what we try to aim for, however, since Hamlet did not complete this, he led himself to his own downfall and also many other’s to their downfall as well.

How Emotions Affect Our Communication Skills Essay

Emotions are a funny thing. Whether or not you’re an ardent believer of emotions make or break a man, I think that lines stands true. Emotions can make us sail in the colors of being so pleasant at one time while another sort of emotion can wreck a man’s image as being barbaric. Just to figure this concept out, I undertook the assignment to see how emotions affect me on a personal communication level. To keep a close watch on my emotions for a few days was a task I was rather excited about! The first ‘official’ emotion I felt according to my journal was of happiness. I had woken up the first day or my college and felt an unbelievable excitement about what the day was going to entail. I got dressed humming my favorite song and off to college I was. Just by feeling a very happy person I knew the day was going to be an amazing one. Obviously, when you’re beaming with the joy, nothing can possibly bring you down. I was shocked at confidence I felt when I was content in my own skin. I greeted new people, in the new atmosphere and basically made quite a few friends. The whole day I felt like I was an energy ball and I was willing to sit in the front row of class, not afraid to listen and question the teacher. I actually thought that my positive energy sent out great vibes to the others also as they were not hesitant in carrying the conversation along with me. And the teachers were more than eager to answer my inquisitiveness. That only made me happier. I took part in a debate the next day. Not an official one but a sort of an unofficial debate with some college students at the local cafeteria. The debate was about ‘Terrorism can’t be uprooted at the expense of Civilian lives†. The talk was about a controversial topic and I was one of the few people who were agreeing with the topic. I soon realized that the people on the opposite team were talking purely without any reasoning. That registered another feeling in me†¦the bad feeling†¦of anger. I saw my enthusiasm evaporating and being replaced by mild irritation. In my mind I kept wondering how people could think so wrong. Before I had a chance to speak out, some of the debaters concluded the debate and childishly dances around thinking they had won. I was furious. That is the exact emotion I had put down in my journal. But that is when somebody out of the â€Å"against the topic† crowd came up to me and acknowledged my views on the subject. She seemed like someone I could talk to because she sort of â€Å"had my back† per say. She was willing to sit there and listen to me view. She nodded as I spoke and later on told me how I had managed to erase the wrong views from her mind. I was overwhelmed. Someone’s sincerity had cleared up my earlier anger. I felt like I could trust that girl. She became my good friend instantly because when the trust factor plays its positive role, the communication takes another height. I talked to her freely throughout the day and I was amazed to find out we just connected on a very high level. I had found somebody I could trust(Meyer, 2002). I wasn’t sure what the next big emotion I would feel until I got a call from my uncle in telling me he wasn’t coming to visit me and my family due some issues with his business. He had been planning his visit from South Africa since the last 2 years. His whole family was supposed to come and stay with us for a month. I felt dejected. After he had told me the news, I phoned my parents to talk to them about the sadness but understood his reasoning. They were as disappointed as I was so we talked about how much we miss him. I communicated freely with my mother who explained to me that perhaps we could go and visit him. It made feel lighter if not better. That day when I came into contact with my college fellows, I wasn’t the usual cheery girl as I always had been. The communication skills that day were strained, I realized. I didn’t really talk to anyone more than the usual greetings. As soon as my friend from the debating group came to me, I knew she could transgress the limits I had set around myself that day. And so she did. Just because with her I felt a bond of trust, I confessed everything to her when she probed why I looked so down. I leaned on her and she stood by me trying to be a good friend. By analyzing my emotions led communication skills, I can conclude that they have a major part in our everyday lives. Knowing how to control emotions is a bigger task though because emotions don’t always allow us to think clearly. Whatever we feel, we ought to keep it in tight check and be realistic about it. References: Aliki. (1986). Feelings (Reading Rainbow book). HarperCollins Cain, J. (2000). The Way I Feel. Parenting Press Meyer, J. (2002). Managing Your Emotions: Instead of Your Emotions Managing You. FaithWords

Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry

Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry Example Research Paper on Polymer Chemistry: Introduction Polymerization refers to a chemical reaction that results in bonding of two monomers to form a polymer (Tarle, 435). A polymer molecule is made up of hundreds, thousands, or even millions of atoms joined together to form a chain with an extended length at least an order of magnitude greater than its thickness (Peacock Calhoun, 2006). Polymers have variations of molecular weight (length), branching, steric configuration, interconnections and chemical defects (Tarle, 435). A polymer is made up of many elements. One can consider a polymer as a thread with every link of this string forming a fundamental unit which is in turn made of hydrogen, carbon, silicon and oxygen(Tarle, 435). They are mostly made up of hydrocarbons though other elements such as Sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine may also be found(Carraher Charles, 2). The molecules are held together by covalent bonds that are branched, linear, or networked to form the polymeric material (Carraher Charles, 2). While most polymers have carbon as their backbone, others have silicon as the main element holding the polymer (Carraher Charles, 2). . The history of polymerization The science of polymerisation began way back in the 19th century where alumina-silica glass and phosphoric acid was widely applied to fill dentures (Carraher Charles, 2). . However, the compounds had very poor mechanical properties and high solubility. This meant that they were not particularly suited in sensitive applications such as dentistry. Later in the mid 20th century, acrylic resins replaced the silica compounds as the only synthetic material (Carraher Charles, 2). These comprised of polymethylmethacrylate compounds that had higher polymerization shrinkage than the former (Carraher Charles, 2). Despite their superiority, bonding was difficult. Also, they were known to cause periodontitis and pulpitis (Carraher Charles, 2). An improved orthophosphoric-acid compound was invented by Michael Buonocore. It had high adhesive capability but was not enough for specialised applications such as tooth replacement . Rafael Bowen’s developed a monomer in 1962 that greatly impro ved on the physical properties of the acrylic (Peacock Calhoun, 26). He combined the acrylic resins with epoxy resulting in an aesthetic composite with greatly improved physical properties (Peacock Calhoun, 26).. However, it required mixing with base paste, colors and catalyst thereby making it prone to mixing errors in processing. Calling it BIS-GMA resin (coined from glycidyl methacrylate diluted with glycol dimethacrylate and bisphenol A) he combined it with glass beads thereby making a hydrolytically unstable composite (Peacock Calhoun, 26). This necessitated further work on the same. Eventually, a combination of fillers and resins, added to several cross linked polymer chains like ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate produced a successful dental composite in the 1970s (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Composites solved the problem of mixing errors as polymerisation could be done by electromagnetic radiation (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Unfortunately, the particles were too large and restricted to only four colors. Besides, the resins were difficult to polish and the etching techniques, which required the use of acid, damaged the teeth (Peacock Calhoun, 26). The resins were replaced with composites in the 1980s. These brought about better aesthetics but could fracture when exposed to high tension (Peacock Calhoun, 26). Usage in dentistry and photo-polymerisation The process by which monomers form polymers is called polymerization. This occurs by one or two basic reactions namely addition and/or condensation. During addition polymerization, monomers are usually linked together to form a long, three dimensional polymer chain. On the other hand, polymer condensation involves small molecules being released to form small polymers chains. In the first steps of formation, the monomers double bond is broken (called curing) by means of heat, light or addition of other compounds (chemicals) (Peacock Calhoun, 26). The curing effect of a polymer is caused by presence of a photoinitiator (Vandewalle et al 300). This is a molecule that absorbs light and then spurs a chemical reaction that results in polymerisation. Once a photo-initiator absorbs light (mostly a carbonyl group with nonbonding electrons that can be promoted to an anti-bonding orbital) of an appropriate wavelength, an overlap of positive and negative atomic orbitals thereby forming a polymer chain (Vandewalle et al 300). As noted, dental Composites can be cured by use of three means namely use of chemical, heat and light(Vandewalle et al 300).. These three elements result in production of free radicals that result in polymerisation. According to Micali and Basting (2004) such factors as light density, intensity of light source, and exposure and wavelength duration affect the amount of free radicals generated. The energy in these elements is paramount in determining the degree of cure and of flexural strength. Peutzfeldt Asmussen (2005) asserts that the degree of cure and mechanical properties rises with increase in energy density. These parameters have to be adequate to facilitate compete polymerization. If not, then the materials will be of poor physical properties and hence sustain premature failure. Micali and Basting (2004) assert that the clinical performance of composite resins is greatly influenced by the quality of the light-curing unit used in photo-polymerisation. Mahn (2010) explains that composites which are not adequately irradiated, both in terms of quality and quality of light often result in increased bacterial colonization which reduces their bond strength, inferior physical properties, excessive wear and possible bulk fracture, postoperative sensitivity due to dissolution of uncured resin and recurrent caries at the interface (Mahn, 21). Composites are specially suited for dental applications for a variety of reasons. Due to their tendency to withstand tension and high temperature, they are able to match the performance of natural teeth save for sensitivity. Composites can also be made to match the colour of the teeth. The polymer binders used to fill teeth improve their strength and polarization. Practically more than one monomer is mixed at different ratios to get an appropriate and easy to use thickness. A curing light from either halogen lights, light emitting diodes or plasma arc curing lights is beamed onto the composite to cure it. The filling materials used in dental applications should be strong and compressive. They should be able to withstand high temperatures too. The material should be made to match the colour of the teeth. The polymer binders used to fill the tooth should be good paste so as to improve strength and polarization. Practically more than one monomer is mixed at different ratios to get an appropriate and easy to use thickness. A curing light is a beam that was made to quickly cure a resin. Composite resin was brought into the market to minimise negative aspect of the acrylic resins. Ravve, Abe (2000).The earlier composites required to be mixed with a base with a catalyst leading to problems in magnitude, Light ways of therapy have come a long way since 1970s (J.Dent 1999).Ultra violet rays were used to set off a special type of filling. We have plasma light that’s currently being applied on therapy is clinically applicable. It is a better method since the results revealed it had a simi lar therapy to the one of halogen yet the temperature rise was negligible. Some are using the Argon while others are using the laser light. The combination process and also the colour visibility. At first they used an ultraviolet light source. It was a required source of energy. But the polymerization had side effects which led to replacement with visible light which is currently in use and still being developed. With the current technique we are able to reduce the polymerization stress. We have two methods that use small and low concentration light followed by a longer period of elevated intensity. (Chang-Jun Baek, 2008)Both physical and mechanical property of the compound depends on their structural arrangement. The dental composite is composed of three chemically different materials. The organic, non organic and the filler. There’s a disperse phase of composite resins made with non-living filler material. So as to improve both the mechanical and physical properties of the compound, the filler particles are added to the organic stage. We have composites that are made up of polymer groups called hybrid composite resins. About 60% of it is glasses of different compositions and sizes. And these are the ones used by our dentists. We have flowable composites which are normally of low thickness. They contain lower inorganic filler. They have an advantage because of the tooth surface is highly wet thus ensuring ideal penetration due to their low thickness. There’s no air entrapment .That’s also an added advantage. We have condensable composites also which have a very high percentage of the filler. Their clinical behaviour is almost similar to the hybrid. Their condensability gives them an added advantage. This is because the contact point is easily achieved. The major areas where polymers a re applied will depend on the chemical structure and processing of the polymers. Some could be very rigid; others flexible while some could also be very elastic. We have fibres polymers and textile polymers which are simply oriented forming elevated powerful fibres. We have natural polymers like proteins found in silk and wool. We also have carbohydrates like the ones found in cellulose. The other polymers are synthetic like the ones found in bullet proof vests. We use polymers for making packaging materials and coatings. Polymers are also very useful in the medical fields (Charles, 2003). As mentioned earlier teeth fillers are also made of polymers. Polymers are also used in making implants. Most aesthetic dental coatings are made of polymers. The coatings are usually used to decorate the enamel surface of the teeth. Conclusions The composites have acquired a very high and important place in the filling equipments. These materials are able to protect the teeth arrangement in a better way because they are retained by cementing methods other than depending on cavity design. We should never forget that they are highly technique sensitive hence we need to control some aspects. We have to get the correct composite for each condition. The process followed in bonding should be cautiously done. Proper therapy is highly vital if reasonable results are to be achieved. Composite are not made of metal. So the dentists can merge and combine perfect colours to match your original teeth. This means no one else will know about your teeth apart from you and the dentist. Another advantage is that the resin usually holds up the remaining tooth structure stopping breakages and padding against high temperature changes. A composite can last up to 10 years. It is important to remember the more natural teeth structure you keep, the better teeth you will likely have in future. We have a growing demand of energy.

Carl Ritter - German Founder of Modern Geography

Carl Ritter - German Founder of Modern Geography German geographer Carl Ritter is commonly associated with Alexander von Humboldt as one of the founders of modern geography. However, most acknowledge Ritters contributions to the modern discipline to be somewhat less significant than those of von Humboldt, especially as Ritters life-work was based on the observations of others. Childhood and Education Ritter was born on August 7, 1779, in Quedlinburg, Germany (then Prussia), ten years after von Humboldt. At the age of five, Ritter was fortunate to have been chosen as a guinea pig to attend a new experimental school which brought him into contact with some of the greatest thinkers of the period. In his early years, he was tutored by the geographer J.C.F. GutsMuths and learned the relationship between people and their environment. At the age of sixteen, Ritter was able to attend a university by receiving tuition in exchange for tutoring a wealthy bankers sons. Ritter became a geographer by learning to observe the world around him; he also became an expert at sketching landscapes. He learned Greek and Latin so that he could read more about the world. His travels and direct observations were limited to Europe, he was not the world traveler that von Humboldt was. Career In 1804, at the age of 25, Ritters first geographical writings, about the geography of Europe, were published. In 1811 he published a two-volume textbook about the geography of Europe. From 1813 to 1816 Ritter studied geography, history, pedagogy, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, and botany at the University of Gottingen. In 1817, he published the first volume of his major work, Die Erdkunde, or Earth Science (the literal German translation for the word geography.) Intended to be a complete geography of the world, Ritter published 19 volumes, consisting of over 20,000 pages, over the course of his life. Ritter often included theology in his writings for he described that the earth displayed evidence of Gods plan. Unfortunately, he was only able to write about Asia and Africa before he died in 1859 (the same year as von Humboldt). The full, and lengthy, title of Die Erdkunde is translated to The Science of the Earth in Relation to Nature and the History of Mankind; or, General Comparative Geography as the Solid Foundation of the Study of, and Instruction in, the Physical and Historical Sciences. In 1819 Ritter became a professor of history at the University of Frankfurt. The following year, he was appointed to be the first chair of geography in Germany - at the University of Berlin. Though his writings were often obscure and difficult to understand, his lectures were very interesting and quite popular. The halls where he gave lectures were almost always full. While he held many other simultaneous positions throughout his life, such as founding  the Berlin Geographical Society, he continued to work and lecture at the University of Berlin until his death on September 28, 1859, in that city. One of Ritters most famous students and ardent supporters was Arnold Guyot, who became a professor of physical geography and geology at Princeton (then the College of New Jersey) from 1854 to 1880.

Security plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Security plan - Essay Example In place of just one or two users, carrying out tasks on one or two computers, organization has many workers working on a network at one time. While the network expands more than just computers will be connected to that network; however, it is necessary to manage additional servers, a variety of peripherals, and mobile devices (Ray, 2004, p. 80). The security management can involve the handling and implementation of the security measures for the securing of network and corporate business information. In this modern age the IT security and its management has turned out to be a main subject of discussion. The IT security issues are emerged with the emergence of new type of IT and network technologies. Corporate IT and network security is a complex area and new businesses, individuals and corporation are paying more attention on this paradigm. Organization and business presently are facing lot of IT and network technology assaults like hackers attack, viruses, data theft, etc. Curtin (1 997) outlines that IT and network security can be defined as the set of procedures a business or individual can take or apply to protect their network computer system (s), as well as it is a major concern for every person or business that uses computers (Curtin, 1998). Kaminsky (2009) states that in case of the compromised IT security some data and network hackers or competitor can gain access to business sensitive or critical data, that probably consequential in business destruction or data loss (Kaminsky, 2009). This report is a security plan for the business of the Batteries+. In this security plan based report I will outline main security initiative which we will apply for the management and handling of the Batteries+ business and IT security. Batteries+ is a global organization that purchases as well as develops batteries/battery systems. This main business area of the Batteries+ is around the distribution of batteries and battery systems to approximately 2000